<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(一)***N><***N lang=EN-US> ***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一般原则***N>
<***N lang=EN-US>1***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、在没有个体防护的情况下,任何人都不应暴露在能够或可能危害健康的空气环境中。***N>
<***N lang=EN-US>2***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、应根据**的有关职业卫生标准(如空气中粉尘卫生标准,空气中有毒害物质卫生标准)对作业中的空气环境进行评价,识别有害环境性质,判定危害程度。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●应首先考虑采取工程措施控制有害环境的可能性。若工程措施因各种原因无法实施,或无法完全消除有害环境,以及在工程措施未生效期间,应根据作业环境、作业状况和作业人员选择适合的呼吸防护装备。选择呼吸防护产品时也应参照使用说明书的技术规定,符合其适用条件。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●需要使用呼吸防护装备预防有害环境的危害,用人单位应建立并实施规范的呼吸保护计划。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(二)根据有害环境选择***N>
<***N lang=EN-US>1***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、识别有害环境性质***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">应了解以下情况:***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>1***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是否能识别有害环境,如是有害环境,应进一步了解。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>2***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是否可能缺氧(低于18%)及氧气浓度值。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>3***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是否存在空气污染物,如是粉尘或有害气体或蒸气时,应了解污染物浓度是多少;***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>4***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)空气污染物存在形态,是颗粒物体、气体蒸气、还是混合物,并进一步了解以下情况:若是气体或蒸气,应了解是否具有明显气味或刺激性等警示性,是否有职业卫生标准,是否有能立即威胁生命和健康的浓度,是否还可经皮肤吸收,是否对皮肤致敏和腐蚀、刺激皮肤及眼睛等。***N>
<***N lang=EN-US>2***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、判定危害程度***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按照以下方法判定:***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>1***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)如果有害环境性质未知,应作为立即威胁生命和健康的浓度环境。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>2***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)如果缺氧,或无法确定是否缺氧,应作为立即威胁生命和健康的浓度环境。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>3***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)如果空气污染物浓度未知,达到或超过立即威胁生命和健康的浓度,只要是其中之一都应作为立即威胁生命和健康的浓度环境。***N>
<***N lang=EN-US>3***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、***N><***N lang=EN-US><***N style="mso-tab-count: 1"> ***N>***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根据危害程度选择***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>1***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)立即威胁生命和健康的浓度环境。应选择以下防护装备:***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●配**罩的正压携气式呼吸器。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●配备适合的辅助逃生型呼吸器,例如,在有害环境性质未知、是否缺氧未知及缺氧情况下,应选择携气式逃生呼吸器,不能使用过滤式逃生呼吸器;在不缺氧,但空气污染浓度超过立即威胁生命和健康的浓度值的环境下,可以选择携气式。也可以选择过滤式,但需适合空气污染物种类及其浓度水平,例如污染物种类是****、苯、***还是其他物质,浓度是多少***N><***N lang=EN-US>mg/m3***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>2***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)非立即威胁生命和健康的浓度环境。应选择指定防护系数大于危害系数的呼吸防护装备。这里所说的防护系数是指该类呼吸防护用品,在适合使用佩戴且还没有使用的前提下,预期能有效的将空气污染物过滤至安全防护系数之内的装备。***N>
<***N lang=EN-US>4***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、根据空气污染物种类选择***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>1***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)颗粒物的防护:可选择隔绝式防尘面具,也可选择过滤式防尘面具。若选择过滤式防尘面具,应注意以下几点:***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●对于挥发性的颗粒物存在环境,应选择能同时过滤颗粒物及其挥发气体的防尘面具;***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●应根据颗粒物的分散度选择适合的防尘面具。例如,***N> <***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">有的防尘面具只对一般性粉尘有过滤作用,而对微细的颗粒烟或蒸气却无过滤作用。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●若颗粒具有液态油性时,应选择能过滤油性颗粒的防尘面具。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●若颗粒具有放射性,应选择能过滤效果**等级的防尘面具。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>2***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)有毒气体和蒸气的防护:可选择隔绝式防毒面具,也可选择过滤式防毒面具。在选择过滤式防毒面具时,应注意以下几点:***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●应根据有害气体和蒸气的种类选择使用的过滤元件(滤毒罐和滤毒盒),对现行标准中未包括的过滤元件种类,应根据防毒面具生产厂商提供的使用说明选择。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●对于没有警示性或警示性很差的有毒气体或蒸气,由于幻觉、感觉毒气或蒸气的局限性不可靠性,对于剧毒如****等,应优先选择有失效指示器的防毒面具或隔绝式防毒面具。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>3***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)若颗粒物、毒气和蒸气同时存在时的防护:可选择隔绝式呼吸器,也可选择过滤式呼吸器。若选择过滤式防护面具,应选择有效过滤元件或过滤元件的组合。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(三)根据作业人员选择***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">应考虑以下几点:***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>1***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)头面部特征:在选择半面罩或**罩时应注意:***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●若生产者或经销商能向使用者提供适合性检验,可帮助使用者选择与自己***的面罩。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●胡须或过长的头发会影响面罩与面部之间的密合性,使用者应预先刮净胡须,避免将头发夹在面罩与面部皮肤之间。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●应考虑使用者面部特征,若有疤痕、凹陷的太阳穴、非常突出的颧骨、皮肤褶皱、鼻畸形等影响面部与面罩之间的密合时***N><***N lang=EN-US>,***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">应选择与面部特征无关的面罩,如头罩。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>2***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)舒适性:应考虑作业环境,作业人员是否能够承受物理因素(如高温)的不良影响,若存在不良影响,应选择能减轻这种不良影响的呼吸防护装备,如选择有降温功能的供气式呼吸器。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●高温、低温、化学作业场所应选择物理性能稳定的硅胶面罩。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●对皮肤过敏者应选择无刺激皮肤的硅胶面罩。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>3***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)视力矫正:视力矫正镜不应影响呼吸防护装备与面部的密合性。若呼吸防护装备提供使用者矫正镜片的结果部件,应选择适合的视力矫正镜片,并按照使用说明书要求操作使用。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>4***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)不适合使用呼吸防护装备的身体状态:患有高血压、心脏病、肺气肿等以及心理障碍类型的人员,不宜选用呼吸阻力较大的过滤式****,可考虑选用正压供气式呼吸器。***N>
<***N lang=EN-US>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(深圳绿之风科技http://www.hkgw.cn/shownews.asp?n_id=585)***N>